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*WAEC GCE 2ND SERIES 2023: GOVERNMENT ESSAY ANSWERS*
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*INSTRUCTION*: YOU’RE TO ANSWER FOUR (4) QUESTIONS IN ALL. TWO FROM EACH SECTION
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*(NUMBER 1)*
[CHOOSE ANY FIVE]
(i) Representation of diverse interests: In a multi-party system, different parties represent a wide range of ideologies, interests, and perspectives within society. This diversity ensures that various segments of the population have a voice and are represented in the decision-making process. It helps prevent the dominance of a single party or group and fosters inclusivity in governance.
(ii) Checks and balances: Multiple parties in a system act as checks and balances on each other. Opposition parties can scrutinize government policies, challenge the ruling party’s decisions, and propose alternative solutions. This dynamic ensures that power is not concentrated in the hands of a single party, reducing the risk of authoritarianism or abuse of power.
(iii) Accountability and transparency: A multi-party system encourages accountability and transparency in governance. Parties in opposition can hold the ruling party accountable for its actions, policies, and performance. The presence of multiple parties fosters a competitive environment, where parties strive to gain public support by being transparent, responsive to public concerns, and delivering on their promises.
(iv) Policy debates and informed decision-making: Different parties with varying ideologies and policy platforms engage in debates and discussions on various issues. This promotes a healthy exchange of ideas, encourages public discourse, and contributes to informed decision-making. The competition between parties to present their policies and win public support leads to a more robust and comprehensive policy development process.
(v) Flexibility and adaptability: A multi-party system provides flexibility and adaptability in responding to changing societal needs and challenges. As different parties vie for public support, they are compelled to be responsive to evolving public demands and preferences. This adaptability ensures that the government remains dynamic and capable of addressing emerging issues effectively.
(vi) Coalition building and consensus: In multi-party systems, governments often require coalition formations to secure a majority in the legislative body. Coalition governments encourage negotiation, compromise, and consensus-building among parties with different ideologies. This process can lead to more balanced and inclusive policies that reflect the interests of multiple parties, fostering stability and cooperation in governance.
(vii) Electoral competition: Multi-party systems typically involve competitive elections, where parties vie for public support through campaigns and political mobilization. This competition incentivizes parties to focus on the needs and aspirations of the electorate, leading to increased responsiveness and responsiveness to public concerns. Regular elections provide opportunities for citizens to evaluate the performance of different parties and hold them accountable through the power of the vote.
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*(NUMBER 2)*
(i) Division of Powers: It establishes a system of checks and balances by distributing powers among different branches of government. This helps prevent the concentration of authority and ensures a balance of power, thereby preventing potential abuse.
(ii) Protection of Rights: Constitutions typically include a bill of rights that safeguards the fundamental rights and liberties of individuals. These rights, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and religion, act as a shield against potential government overreach, ensuring citizens’ civil liberties are protected.
(iii) Rule of Law: A constitution lays out the fundamental laws and principles governing the state. It provides a legal framework that all citizens and authorities must adhere to, ensuring consistency and predictability in the legal system. This adherence to the rule of law promotes stability and fairness within the society.
(iv) Mechanism for Governance: Constitutions establish the structure of government, define the powers of each branch, and outline the procedures for decision-making and policy implementation. This framework guides the functioning of the government, maintaining order and coherence in governance.
(v) Adaptability through Amendment: A constitution often includes provisions for amendments or revisions. This flexibility allows the document to adapt to changing societal needs, technological advancements, or shifts in public opinion, ensuring its relevance and effectiveness over time.
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*(NUMBER 5)*
(i) Voting and Holding Leaders Accountable: Vote in elections and make sure leaders do what they promise.
(ii) Supporting Education: Help with schools and learning so everyone can get smarter and have better jobs.
(iii) Starting Businesses and New Ideas: Make new businesses and cool stuff that helps make more jobs and money.
(iv) Helping in the Community: Spend time helping out in your neighborhood for better streets and happier people.
(v) Being Fair and United: Speak up for fairness and make sure everyone gets along, no matter where they’re from or what they believe in.
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*(NUMBER 7)*
(7a)
[CHOOSE ANY FIVE]
(i) Diversion of Resources: Political conflicts in Nigeria often lead to the diversion of essential resources away from development projects. Funds that could be allocated for infrastructure, education, and healthcare may be redirected to address immediate political concerns or security issues.
(ii) Instability and Uncertainty: Political conflicts create an atmosphere of instability and uncertainty, deterring foreign investments and hindering economic growth. Investors are hesitant to commit resources in an environment characterized by political unrest and unpredictability.
(iii) Impaired Governance: Ongoing political conflicts can result in weakened governance structures. Decision-making processes may be hindered, and the ability to implement and enforce policies for sustainable development may be compromised.
(iv) Social Disruption: Political conflicts often spill over into social unrest, disrupting communities and hindering social development. Displacement of populations, breakdown of social services, and increased crime rates are common consequences, impeding overall societal progress.
(v) Corruption: Political conflicts can exacerbate Corruption as individuals may exploit the chaotic environment for personal gain. Corruption diverts public resources away from developmental initiatives and undermines the effectiveness of public institutions.
(vi) Ethnic and Religious Tensions: Nigeria’s diverse population can experience heightened tensions during political conflicts, leading to ethnic or religious divisions. Such divisions hinder social cohesion and can divert attention and resources away from collaborative national development efforts.
(vii) Infrastructure Decay: Political conflicts may result in neglect and deterioration of infrastructure. Maintenance and development projects are often put on hold, leading to crumbling roads, inadequate power supply, and a lack of basic amenities that are crucial for overall development.
(viii) Brain Drain: Persistent political conflicts may drive skilled professionals and intellectuals out of the country in search of more stable environments. This brain drain deprives Nigeria of the expertise needed for sustainable development.
(ix) Educational Disruptions: Political conflicts can disrupt educational systems, affecting the quality and accessibility of education. Disruptions in schooling impede the development of a skilled workforce necessary for economic and social progress.
(x) Humanitarian Crises: Intensified political conflicts can lead to humanitarian crises, with displaced populations requiring urgent assistance. Humanitarian efforts divert resources from developmental projects, prolonging the cycle of underdevelopment.
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*(NUMBER 9)*
(CHOOSE ANY FIVE)
(i) Unity in Diversity: Federalism in Nigeria accommodates the country’s diverse ethnic, linguistic, and cultural groups. It allows for the coexistence of different states and regions with varying identities and interests under a central government.
(ii) Power Distribution: Federalism distributes powers between the central government and the constituent states. This helps prevent the concentration of power in one entity, fostering a system of checks and balances.
(iii) Local Autonomy: Each state within the federal structure has a degree of autonomy. This autonomy allows states to address local issues, make decisions that suit their specific needs, and promote regional development.
(iv) Conflict Resolution: Federalism provides a mechanism for conflict resolution between the central government and individual states. States can negotiate and address grievances within the federal framework, promoting stability and reducing the likelihood of secessionist movements.
(v) Resource Management: Nigeria’s federal system allows states to manage and benefit from their own resources. This can contribute to economic development, as states can capitalize on their unique strengths and resources.
(vi) Cultural Preservation: States within a federal system can preserve and promote their cultural heritage. This ensures that diverse cultural identities are recognized and respected, contributing to national unity.
(vii) Responsive Governance: Federalism facilitates responsive governance by allowing states to tailor policies to their local needs. This flexibility enhances the effectiveness of governance at both the federal and state levels.
(viii) National Integration: Despite regional differences, federalism can be a tool for national integration. It encourages collaboration and coordination between states and the central government for the overall development and well-being of the nation.
(ix) Economic Development: By decentralizing economic decision-making, federalism can contribute to balanced economic development across regions. States can implement policies that stimulate economic growth based on their unique economic circumstances.
(x) Democratic Governance: Federalism supports democratic governance by dispersing power. It allows citizens to participate in decision-making at both the federal and state levels, fostering a sense of inclusivity and civic engagement critical for a sovereign state’s stability.
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*(NUMBER 10)*
(i) Economic Advancement: Embracing interdependence among states allows Nigeria to tap into a broader array of resources, markets, and investment opportunities, catalyzing economic growth through diversified trade and investment avenues.
(ii) Political Harmony and Security: Commitment to interdependence fosters regional stability by nurturing mutual diplomatic relations and cooperative security arrangements, consequently reducing the likelihood of conflicts and bolstering collective security efforts.
(iii) Cultural and Intellectual Exchange: Embracing interdependence facilitates cultural exchange and intellectual dialogue, enriching Nigeria’s social fabric with diverse perspectives, fostering social tolerance, and nurturing an environment conducive to innovation and creativity.
(iv) Technological Progress: Collaborative efforts with other states enable Nigeria to access new technologies and knowledge, fostering innovation and advancements across various sectors, thus accelerating national development.
(v) Enhanced Global Standing: Strengthening interdependence elevates Nigeria’s global positioning, providing the nation with increased influence in international affairs, bolstered diplomatic relations, and amplified participation in global decision-making forums, reinforcing its role as a significant actor on the global stage.
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